Yale Collection of German Literature

Scope

The Yale Collection of German Literature (YCGL), one of the oldest special collections at Yale, contains first editions and other rare literary texts in German from approximately 1600 to 1850, with scattered holdings of earlier authors and a few specialized gatherings of twentieth-century material. The areas of greatest strength are the seventeenth century and Goethe. There is a separate name collection for the Goethe material, the William A. Speck Collection of Goethe. For more information see the Guide to the Collections. The general cataloging policies for monographs and serials are followed.

Size

The size boundaries for YCGL books and serials are:

Octavo:
up to 25 cm. high
up to 23 cm. wide
Quarto:
between 25 and 37 cm. high
between 23 and 32 cm. wide
Folio (Class in Year/number folio sequence with location code bein,ycgl):
over 37 cm. high
over 32 cm. wide
Broadsides (Class in appropriate year/number sequences with location code bein,ycgl)

Marking

The following guidelines are used when marking volumes in YCGL:

  1. Mark on Yale bookplate when there is one, generally in the upper left corner.
  2. Mark on back cover, lower right hand corner, when there is no Yale bookplate unless cover is too dark.
  3. Mark on verso of last page, lower right hand corner, when 1 or 2 don’t apply. The lower left hand corner is the alternate location when the lower right hand corner is unusable.
  4. If the last page is unmarkable (e.g. too dark or shiny or filled with text or illustrations), mark the verso of the first usable page from the end.

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Classification

  • Past practice encompasses a variety of approaches; many books in the collection are not classified according to the instructions given here. Generally, do not reclassify unless necessary for collocation. See Appendix and the Historical manual for details of past practice.
  • Folios and broadsides use the year/number scheme with the location bein, ycgl.
  • Use ”L” for “l” in call numbers.
  • The organization of the collection is chronological.
Outline of Classification
Zg General material; no century divisions
Zg14 Authors writing predominantly during the fourteenth century
Zg15 Authors writing predominantly during the fifteenth century
Zg16 Authors writing predominantly during the sixteenth century
Zg17 Authors writing predominantly during the seventeenth century
Zg18 Authors writing predominantly during the eighteenth century
Zg19 Authors writing predominantly during the nineteenth century
Zg20 Authors writing predominantly during the twentieth century
Zg21 Authors writing predominantly during the twenty-first century

Monographs - General guidelines

Zg classification is primarily author oriented and then chronological by date of publication.

  • The first line of the call number is from the “Old Yale” classification scheme where “Z” meant rare material and the letter “g” was chosen to represent German literature.
  • The second line is the author’s Cutter number (usually a two figure number based on C.A. Cutter’s three-figure author table), making exceptions when main entry rule changes introduced with AACR2 would result in a split author number. Expand the number to three or even four digits if necessary to distinguish authors and to place them correctly in the alphabetical sequence. Names with umlauts are cuttered with a combination of the vowel and “e.” See special instructions for items classed in Zg18-Zg21. If a work is to be classed with a person who is not the main entry for the bibliographic record, class the work as instructed by Beinecke.
  • The third line is the last three digits of the date of the first edition followed by the first letter (in lower case except for “l”) of the title. Use “h” or “j” instead of “i” (which can be mistaken for the number one); use “n” or “p” instead of “o” (which can be mistaken for zero). If there is a conflict, use the subsequent or earlier letter in the alphabet.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the title.
  • If the date of publication is either a probable decade or a century add zeros. (E.g. 187-? use 870 or 18–? use 800). If the estimated date spans a decade use the initial date. (E.g. [between 1874 and 1888?] use 874). If the date is a corrected date, use the corrected date.
  • Translations of an author’s work are indicated by adding the appropriate language letter from the translation table at the beginning of the third line. Editions of translations are arranged by adding edition letters after the translation letter with no attempt made to keep editions of a particular translator together.
  • For later editions of works classed in Zg14-Zg17 the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. For later editions of works classed in Zg18-Zg21 the third line consists of the imprint date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title and a letter “b,c,d” etc. for the edition.

Pamphlets

Minor publications such as exhibition catalogs, pamphlets, clippings, periodicals, and other types of ephemeral material by and about German authors and on German literature are kept in folders in boxes. Sometimes this material is added directly, other times it is sent to the Rare Book Team for item level cataloging. Pamphlets are classed like books, but omit the last line of the call number.

Example: Pamphlets about Lessing have call no. Zg18 L54 Pam.

Zg - General material, no century divisions

Periodicals |  Other formats |  Collections and selections |  History and criticism |  Bibliographies

A11 - Periodicals

  • Class here all periodicals except those closely associated with one person.
  • The third line is a three digit date of the first issue if known followed by the first letter of the main entry. If the date of first issue is unknown use the earliest known date, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for periodicals first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
    • Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.

      Example:

      Die Neue Schaubühne, 1919-1925.

      Zg
      A11
      919n

A12 - Phonograph recordings, films, audio tapes, video tapes, and CDs

  • Class here all phonograph recordings, films, audio tapes, video tapes, and CDs, including those relating to a single person.
  • The third line is a three digit date, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
    • Beginning in 2000, for periodicals first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

      Example:

      Liede für Friede, 2003.

A13 - Collections and selections

  • Class here collections that include more than one century.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of the date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.

    Example:

    Kretzschmer, A. (Andreas), 1775-1839. Deutsche Volkslieder mit ihren Original-Weisen, 1840.

    Zg
    A13
    840k

A15 - History and criticism

  • Class here works about more than one century.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of the date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.

    Example:

    Raynal, abbé (Guillaume-Thomas-François), 1713-1796. Anecdoten zur Lebensgeschichte berühmter französischer, deutscher, italienischer, holländischer und anderer Gelehrten, 1762.

    Zg
    A15
    762r

A19 - Bibliographies not related to Goethe

  • Class here all bibliographies.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of the date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.

    Example:

    Koch, Eduard Emil, 1809-1871. Geschichte des Kirchenlieds und Kirchengesangs der christlichen, insbesondere der deutschen evangelischen Kirche, 1866.

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Zg14 - Fourteenth century authors and literature

Collections |  History and criticism |  Anonymous works |  Individual authors

A13 - Collections and selections

  • Class here collections and selections of multiple fourteenth century authors.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.

A15 - History and criticism

  • Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of fourteenth century authors and literature.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A2 - Anonymous works

  • Class here anonymous works of the fourteenth century.
  • The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
  • If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

  • Class here all works by individual authors who wrote primarily during the fourteenth century.
  • Class works about a specific author in A15.
  • The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler.
  • No distinction is made in the classification for collected works and individual titles of the author; all titles are classed into one alphabet.
  • For later editions the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title.
  • The third line of the call number is the last three digits of date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. Translation letters precede the date see translation table for translation letters).

    Example:

    Tauler, Johannes, ca. 1300-1361. Joannis Tauleri des heilige[n] lerers Predig, 1840.

    (“+” denotes item is oversize)

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Zg15 - Fifteenth century authors and literature

Collections |  History and criticism |  Anonymous works |  Individual authors

A13 - Collections and selections

  • Class here collections and selections of multiple fifteenth century authors.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A15 - History and criticism

  • Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of fifteenth century authors and literature.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A2 - Anonymous works

  • Class here anonymous works of the fifteenth century.
  • The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
  • If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z - Individual authors

  • Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the fifteenth century.
  • Class works about a specific author in A15.
  • The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler.
  • No distinction is made in the classification for collected works and individual titles of the author; all titles are classed into one alphabet.
  • For later editions the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title.
  • The third line of the call number is the last three digits of date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. Translation letters precede the date (see translation table for translation letters).

    Example:

    Boccaccio, Giovanni, 1313-1375. Historien von allen den fürnembsten Weibern, so von Adams Zeiten an geweset …, 1560-1566.

    The second line has been cuttered to Heinrich Steinhöwel, rather than to Giovanni Boccaccio.

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Zg16 - Sixteenth century authors and literature

Collections |  History and criticism |  Anonymous works |  Individual authors |  Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

  • Class here collections and selections of multiple sixteenth century authors.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

    Example:

    Gruterus, Janus, 1560-1627. Delitæ poetarvm Germanorvm hvivs svperiorisqve ævi illustrium …, 1612.

A15 - History and criticism

  • Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of sixteenth century authors and literature, including works about a single author.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A2 - Anonymous works

  • Class here anonymous works of the sixteenth century.
  • The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
  • If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

  • Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the sixteenth century.
  • Class works about a specific author in A15.
  • The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler.
  • No distinction is made in the classification for collected works and individual titles of the author; all titles are classed into one alphabet.
  • For later editions the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title.
  • The third line of the call number is the last three digits of date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).

    Example:

    Sachs, Hans, 1494-1576. Proben aus des alten teutschen Meistersängers Hans Sachsens Werken…, 1778.

Exceptions

Books from Marcus Fugger’s library have no cutter for author, only class and date.

Example:

Appianus, of Alexandria. Appiani Alexandrini sophistae De ciuilibus Romanorum bellis historiarum libri quinque… , 1551.

Books from an author’s library.

  • Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
  • The third line is a cutter for the author.  Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Zg17 - Seventeenth century authors and literature

Collections |  History and criticism |  Anonymous works |  Individual authors |  Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

  • Class here collections and selections of multiple seventeenth century authors.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letters of the main entry.

    Example:

    Faber du Faur, Kurt von, 1890-1966. Deutsche Barocklyrik : eine Auswahl aus der Zeit von 1620-1720, 1936.

A15 - History and criticism

  • Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of seventeenth century authors and literature including works about a single author.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

    Example:

    Festschrift zur 250 jährigen Jubelfeier des Pegnesischen Blumenordens gegründet in Nürnberg am 16. Oktober 1644, 1894.

A2 - Anonymous works

  • Class here anonymous works of the seventeenth century.
  • The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
  • If there are conflicts, expand the cutter to maintain proper alphabetical order.

    Example:

    Der ausgekehrte politische Feuer-Mäuer Kehrer, mit seinen geführten Streichen, 1894.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

  • Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the seventeenth century.
  • Class works about a specific author in A15.
  • The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler.
  • No distinction is made in the classification for collected works and individual titles of the author; all titles are classed into one alphabet.
  • For later editions the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title.
  • The third line of the call number is the last three digits of date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).

    Examples:

    Weise, Christian, 1642-1708. Christian Weisens Curieuse Fragen über die Logica …, 1696.

    Zg17
    W43
    696c

Exceptions

Zg17p -  Picaresque literature

“p” is added to the end of the first line in order to keep this type of literature together.

Example:

Alemán, Mateo, 1547-1614? Der Landtstörtzer, Gusmán von Alfarche, oder, Picaro genannt : dessen wunderbarliches, abenthewrlichs vnd possirlichs Leben …, 1615.

Zg17p
AL14
615L

Books from an author’s library.

  • Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
  • The third line is a cutter for the author. Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Zg18 - Eighteenth century authors and literature

Collections |  History and criticism |  Anonymous works |  Individual authors |  Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

  • Class here collections and selections of multiple eighteenth century authors.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

    Example:

    Magazig der berümtesten und interessantesten See- und Land-Reisen, Entdekkungen und Schiffbrüche, 1802-1805.

A15 - History and criticism

  • Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of eighteenth century literature and multiple authors. Criticism or biography of an individual author class with that author.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

    Example:

    Lanckorónska, Maria, Gräfin. Die Buchillustration des XVIII. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz …, 1932-1934.

    Zg18
    A15
    +932b

A2 - Anonymous works

  • Class here all anonymous works of the eighteenth century.
  • The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
  • If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

  • Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the eighteenth century.
  • The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler followed by a digit depending on the type of work. In general the author Cutter is a two digit number. If a Cutter needs to be expanded in order to fit into the sequence then use 6-9 to expand the Cutter number, and if 5 has to be used always use an additional digit.
  • Use the following table for works by or about an individual author. These categories are denoted by the ending digit of the second line of the call number following the cutter for the author.
    Following digit Type of material Example (Schiller’s cutter is Sch33)
    0 Collected works Sch330
    1 Individual works including translations by the author Sch331
    2 Translations by others of author’s works Sch332
    3 Supplementary material, such as correspondence or diaries Sch333
    4 Biography and criticism Sch334
  • The third line of the call number is the last three digits of the publication date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title. Add letters b, c, d, etc. for later editions.
  • Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).

    Examples:

    Schiller, Friedrich, 1759-1805. Dom Karlos, 1787.

    Zg18
    Sch331
    787d

Exceptions.

Books from an author’s library.

  • Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
  • The third line is a cutter for the author. Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Zg19 - Nineteenth century authors and literature

Collections |  History and criticism |  Anonymous works |  Individual authors |  Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

  • Class here collections and selections of multiple nineteenth century authors.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

    Example:

    Hesperus : ein jahrbuch, 1909.

    Zg19
    A13
    909h

A15 - History and criticism

  • Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of nineteenth century literature and multiple authors. Criticism or biography of an individual author class with that author.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

    Example:

    Rümann, Arthur, 1888-1963. Die illustrierten deutschen Bücher des 19. Jahrhunderts, 1926.

A2 - Anonymous works

  • Class here all anonymous works of the nineteenth century.
  • The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
  • If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

  • Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the nineteenth century.
  • The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler followed by a digit depending on the type of work. In general the author Cutter is a two digit number. If a Cutter needs to be expanded in order to fit into the sequence then use 6-9 to expand the Cutter number, and if 5 has to be used always use an additional digit.
  • Use the following table for works by or about an individual author. These categories are denoted by the ending digit of the second line of the call number following the cutter for the author.
    Following digit Type of material Example (Karl Gutzkow’s cutter is is G97)
    0 Collected works G970 
    1 Individual works including translations by the author G971
    2 Translations by others of author’s works G972
    3 Supplementary material, such as correspondence or diaries G973
    4 Works about the author such as biography or criticism G974
  • The third line of the call number is the last three digits of the publication date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title. Add letters b, c, d, etc. for later editions.
  • Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).

    Examples:

    Gutzkow, Karl, 1811-1878. König Saul, 1839.

Exceptions.

Heinrich Heine Collection

When the Kohut-Rutra Heine collection was transferred from Sterling to Beinecke, the Sterling “Hkl” call numbers were retained, with the added first line Zg19. Heine texts that were already in Beinecke and any subsequent acquisitions are classed in Zg19.H370-H374.

Books from an author’s library.

  • Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
  • The third line is a cutter for the author.  Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Zg20 - Twentieth century authors and literature

Collections |  History and criticism |  Anonymous works |  Individual authors |  Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

  • Class here collections and selections of twentieth century authors.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letters of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

    Example:

    Dimensions : A. Leslie Willson & Contemporary German Arts and Letters, 1993.

A15 - History and criticism

  • Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of twentieth century literature and multiple authors. Criticism or biography of an individual author class with that author.
  • The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  • Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

    Example:

    Expressionism : a German intuition 1905-1920, c1980.

A2 - Anonymous works

  • Class here all anonymous works of the twentieth century.
  • The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
  • If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

  • Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the twentieth century.
  • The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler followed by a digit depending on the type of work. In general the author Cutter is a two digit number. If a Cutter needs to be expanded in order to fit into the sequence then use 6-9 to expand the Cutter number, and if 5 has to be used always use an additional digit.
  • Use the following table for works by or about an individual author. These categories are denoted by the ending digit of the second line of the call number following the cutter for the author.
    Following digit Type of material Example (Gottfried Benn’s cutter is is B46)
    0 Collected works B460 
    1 Individual works including translations by the author B461
    2 Translations by others of author’s works B462
    3 Supplementary material, such as correspondence or diaries B463
    4 Works about the author such as biography or criticism B464
  • The third line of the call number is the last three digits of the publication date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title. Add letters b, c, d, etc. for later editions.
  • Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).

    Examples:

    Benn, Gottfried, 1886-1956. Morgue und andere Gedichte, 1912.

Exceptions

Books from an author’s library.

  • Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
  • The third line is a cutter for the author. Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author. Example:  the library of Hermann Broch.

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Zg21 - Twenty-first century authors and literature

Collections |  History and criticism |  Anonymous works |  Individual authors |  Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

  • Class here collections and selections of twenty-first century authors.
  • The third line consists of the four digits of the date, followed by the first two letters of the main entry.

A15 - History and criticism

  • Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of twenty-first century literature and multiple authors. Criticism or biography of an individual author class with that author.
  • The third line consists of the four digits of the date, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A2 - Anonymous works

  • Class here all anonymous works of the twenty-first century.
  • The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
  • If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

  • Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the twenty-first century.
  • The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler followed by a digit depending on the type of work. In general the author Cutter is a two digit number. If a Cutter needs to be expanded in order to fit into the sequence then use 6-9 to expand the Cutter number, and if 5 has to be used always use an additional digit.
  • Use the following table for works by or about an individual author. These categories are denoted by the ending digit of the second line of the call number following the cutter for the author.
    Following digit Type of material Example (Karl Gutzkow’s cutter is is G97)
    0 Collected works G970 
    1 Individual works including translations by the author G971
    2 Translations by others of author’s works G972
    3 Supplementary material, such as correspondence or diaries G973
    4 Works about the author such as biography or criticism G974
  • The third line of the call number consists of the date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title. Add letters b, c, d, etc. for later editions.
  • Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).

Exceptions

Books from an author’s library.

  • Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
  • The third line is a cutter for the author.  Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Translation tables

New cataloging to use the post 1953 translation table. The original table is included for elucidating old classification numbers.

Yale Language Table (as modified in March 1953)
e Polyglot
f Latin
g English
h French, Provencal
j Italian
k Spanish, Catalan
L Portuguese
m Romansch, Rumanian
n German
p Dutch, Flemish
q Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic
r Greek
t Celtic
u Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, modern Bulgarian, Czech, Ural Altaic, Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish
v Armenian, Albanian
w Indo-Iranian, Sanskrit, Persian, Semitic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, etc.
Yale Language Table (used prior to March 1953)
a English (g has also been used in several places)
b Polyglot
c Celtic
d Chinese, Japanese
e Danish
f Dutch, Flemish, Friesian
g Armenian
h Finnish
i French
j German, German dialects (including Yiddish)
k Greek
L Hungarian
m Icelandic
n Indo-Iranian, Semitic, Persian, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Albanian, Turkish
o Italian
p Latin
q Lithuanian, Lettish
r Norwegian
s Polish
t Portuguese
u Rumanian
v Russian, Ukranian, Bohemian, Czech, Bulgarian, Croatian
w Spanish, Catalan
x Swedish
y Esperanto