Yale Collection of German Literature

Scope

The Yale Collection of German Literature (YCGL), one of the oldest special collections at Yale, contains first editions and other rare literary texts in German from approximately 1600 to 1850, with scattered holdings of earlier authors and a few specialized gatherings of twentieth-century material. The areas of greatest strength are the seventeenth century and Goethe. There is a separate name collection for the Goethe material, the William A. Speck Collection of Goethe. For more information see the Guide to the Collections. The general cataloging policies for monographs and serials are followed.

Size

The size boundaries for YCGL books and serials are:

Octavo:: up to 25 cm. high; up to 23 cm. wide
Quarto:: between 25 and 37 cm. high; between 23 and 32 cm. wide
Folio (Class in Year/number folio sequence with location code bein,ycgl):: over 37 cm. high; over 32 cm. wide
Broadsides (Class in appropriate year/number sequences with location code bein,ycgl)

Marking

The following guidelines are used when marking volumes in YCGL:

Mark on Yale bookplate when there is one, generally in the upper left corner.
Mark on back cover, lower right hand corner, when there is no Yale bookplate unless cover is too dark.
Mark on verso of last page, lower right hand corner, when 1 or 2 don’t apply. The lower left hand corner is the alternate location when the lower right hand corner is unusable.
If the last page is unmarkable (e.g. too dark or shiny or filled with text or illustrations), mark the verso of the first usable page from the end.

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Classification

Past practice encompasses a variety of approaches; many books in the collection are not classified according to the instructions given here. Generally, do not reclassify unless necessary for collocation. See Appendix and the Historical manual for details of past practice.
Folios and broadsides use the year/number scheme with the location bein, ycgl.
Use ”L” for “l” in call numbers.
The organization of the collection is chronological.

Outline of Classification

General material; no century divisions

Zg14

Authors writing predominantly during the fourteenth century

Zg15

Authors writing predominantly during the fifteenth century

Zg16

Authors writing predominantly during the sixteenth century

Zg17

Authors writing predominantly during the seventeenth century

Zg18

Authors writing predominantly during the eighteenth century

Zg19

Authors writing predominantly during the nineteenth century

Zg20

Authors writing predominantly during the twentieth century

Zg21

Authors writing predominantly during the twenty-first century

Monographs - General guidelines

Zg classification is primarily author oriented and then chronological by date of publication.

The first line of the call number is from the “Old Yale” classification scheme where “Z” meant rare material and the letter “g” was chosen to represent German literature.
The second line is the author’s Cutter number (usually a two figure number based on C.A. Cutter’s three-figure author table), making exceptions when main entry rule changes introduced with AACR2 would result in a split author number. Expand the number to three or even four digits if necessary to distinguish authors and to place them correctly in the alphabetical sequence. Names with umlauts are cuttered with a combination of the vowel and “e.” See special instructions for items classed in Zg18-Zg21. If a work is to be classed with a person who is not the main entry for the bibliographic record, class the work as instructed by Beinecke.
The third line is the last three digits of the date of the first edition followed by the first letter (in lower case except for “l”) of the title. Use “h” or “j” instead of “i” (which can be mistaken for the number one); use “n” or “p” instead of “o” (which can be mistaken for zero). If there is a conflict, use the subsequent or earlier letter in the alphabet.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the title.
If the date of publication is either a probable decade or a century add zeros. (E.g. 187-? use 870 or 18–? use 800). If the estimated date spans a decade use the initial date. (E.g. [between 1874 and 1888?] use 874). If the date is a corrected date, use the corrected date.
Translations of an author’s work are indicated by adding the appropriate language letter from the translation table at the beginning of the third line. Editions of translations are arranged by adding edition letters after the translation letter with no attempt made to keep editions of a particular translator together.
For later editions of works classed in Zg14-Zg17 the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. For later editions of works classed in Zg18-Zg21 the third line consists of the imprint date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title and a letter “b,c,d” etc. for the edition.

Pamphlets

Minor publications such as exhibition catalogs, pamphlets, clippings, periodicals, and other types of ephemeral material by and about German authors and on German literature are kept in folders in boxes. Sometimes this material is added directly, other times it is sent to the Rare Book Team for item level cataloging. Pamphlets are classed like books, but omit the last line of the call number.

Example: Pamphlets about Lessing have call no. Zg18 L54 Pam.

Zg - General material, no century divisions

Periodicals | Other formats | Collections and selections | History and criticism | Bibliographies

A11 - Periodicals

Class here all periodicals except those closely associated with one person.
The third line is a three digit date of the first issue if known followed by the first letter of the main entry. If the date of first issue is unknown use the earliest known date, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for periodicals first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
- Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.
  Example:
  
  Die Neue Schaubühne, 1919-1925.
  
  Zg
  
  A11
  
  919n

A12 - Phonograph recordings, films, audio tapes, video tapes, and CDs

Class here all phonograph recordings, films, audio tapes, video tapes, and CDs, including those relating to a single person.
The third line is a three digit date, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
- Beginning in 2000, for periodicals first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
  Example:
  
  Liede für Friede, 2003.
  
  Zg
  
  A12
  
  2003L

A13 - Collections and selections

Class here collections that include more than one century.
The third line consists of the last three digits of the date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.
Example:

Kretzschmer, A. (Andreas), 1775-1839. Deutsche Volkslieder mit ihren Original-Weisen, 1840.

Zg

A13

840k

A15 - History and criticism

Class here works about more than one century.
The third line consists of the last three digits of the date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.
Example:

Raynal, abbé (Guillaume-Thomas-François), 1713-1796. Anecdoten zur Lebensgeschichte berühmter französischer, deutscher, italienischer, holländischer und anderer Gelehrten, 1762.

Zg

A15

762r

A19 - Bibliographies not related to Goethe

Class here all bibliographies.
The third line consists of the last three digits of the date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.
Example:

Koch, Eduard Emil, 1809-1871. Geschichte des Kirchenlieds und Kirchengesangs der christlichen, insbesondere der deutschen evangelischen Kirche, 1866.

Zg

A19

866k

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Zg14 - Fourteenth century authors and literature

Collections | History and criticism | Anonymous works | Individual authors

A13 - Collections and selections

Class here collections and selections of multiple fourteenth century authors.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Translations and later editions follow the general guidelines above.

A15 - History and criticism

Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of fourteenth century authors and literature.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A2 - Anonymous works

Class here anonymous works of the fourteenth century.
The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

Class here all works by individual authors who wrote primarily during the fourteenth century.
Class works about a specific author in A15.
The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler.
No distinction is made in the classification for collected works and individual titles of the author; all titles are classed into one alphabet.
For later editions the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title.
The third line of the call number is the last three digits of date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. Translation letters precede the date see translation table for translation letters).
Example:

Tauler, Johannes, ca. 1300-1361. Joannis Tauleri des heilige[n] lerers Predig, 1840.

Zg14

H13

+840j

(“+” denotes item is oversize)

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Zg15 - Fifteenth century authors and literature

Collections | History and criticism | Anonymous works | Individual authors

A13 - Collections and selections

Class here collections and selections of multiple fifteenth century authors.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A15 - History and criticism

Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of fifteenth century authors and literature.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A2 - Anonymous works

Class here anonymous works of the fifteenth century.
The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z - Individual authors

Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the fifteenth century.
Class works about a specific author in A15.
The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler.
No distinction is made in the classification for collected works and individual titles of the author; all titles are classed into one alphabet.
For later editions the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title.
The third line of the call number is the last three digits of date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. Translation letters precede the date (see translation table for translation letters).
Example:

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 1313-1375. Historien von allen den fürnembsten Weibern, so von Adams Zeiten an geweset …, 1560-1566.

Zg15

St36

560h

The second line has been cuttered to Heinrich Steinhöwel, rather than to Giovanni Boccaccio.

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Zg16 - Sixteenth century authors and literature

Collections | History and criticism | Anonymous works | Individual authors | Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

Class here collections and selections of multiple sixteenth century authors.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Example:

Gruterus, Janus, 1560-1627. Delitæ poetarvm Germanorvm hvivs svperiorisqve ævi illustrium …, 1612.

Zg16

A13

612g

A15 - History and criticism

Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of sixteenth century authors and literature, including works about a single author.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A2 - Anonymous works

Class here anonymous works of the sixteenth century.
The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the sixteenth century.
Class works about a specific author in A15.
The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler.
No distinction is made in the classification for collected works and individual titles of the author; all titles are classed into one alphabet.
For later editions the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title.
The third line of the call number is the last three digits of date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).
Example:

Sachs, Hans, 1494-1576. Proben aus des alten teutschen Meistersängers Hans Sachsens Werken…, 1778.

Zg16

Sa14

778b

Exceptions

Books from Marcus Fugger’s library have no cutter for author, only class and date.

Example:

Appianus, of Alexandria. Appiani Alexandrini sophistae De ciuilibus Romanorum bellis historiarum libri quinque… , 1551.

Zg16

551a

Books from an author’s library.

Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
The third line is a cutter for the author. Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Zg17 - Seventeenth century authors and literature

Collections | History and criticism | Anonymous works | Individual authors | Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

Class here collections and selections of multiple seventeenth century authors.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letters of the main entry.
Example:

Faber du Faur, Kurt von, 1890-1966. Deutsche Barocklyrik : eine Auswahl aus der Zeit von 1620-1720, 1936.

Zg17

A13

936f

A15 - History and criticism

Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of seventeenth century authors and literature including works about a single author.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Example:

Festschrift zur 250 jährigen Jubelfeier des Pegnesischen Blumenordens gegründet in Nürnberg am 16. Oktober 1644, 1894.

Zg17

A15

894f

A2 - Anonymous works

Class here anonymous works of the seventeenth century.
The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
If there are conflicts, expand the cutter to maintain proper alphabetical order.
Example:

Der ausgekehrte politische Feuer-Mäuer Kehrer, mit seinen geführten Streichen, 1894.

Zg17

A2

Au72

Aa-Z -Individual authors

Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the seventeenth century.
Class works about a specific author in A15.
The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler.
No distinction is made in the classification for collected works and individual titles of the author; all titles are classed into one alphabet.
For later editions the third line consists of the date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title.
The third line of the call number is the last three digits of date of imprint followed by the first letter of the title. Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).
Examples:

Weise, Christian, 1642-1708. Christian Weisens Curieuse Fragen über die Logica …, 1696.

Zg17

W43

696c

Exceptions

Zg17p - Picaresque literature

“p” is added to the end of the first line in order to keep this type of literature together.

Example:

Alemán, Mateo, 1547-1614? Der Landtstörtzer, Gusmán von Alfarche, oder, Picaro genannt : dessen wunderbarliches, abenthewrlichs vnd possirlichs Leben …, 1615.

Zg17p

AL14

615L

Books from an author’s library.

Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
The third line is a cutter for the author. Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Zg18 - Eighteenth century authors and literature

Collections | History and criticism | Anonymous works | Individual authors | Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

Class here collections and selections of multiple eighteenth century authors.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Example:

Magazig der berümtesten und interessantesten See- und Land-Reisen, Entdekkungen und Schiffbrüche, 1802-1805.

Zg18

A13

802m

A15 - History and criticism

Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of eighteenth century literature and multiple authors. Criticism or biography of an individual author class with that author.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Example:

Lanckorónska, Maria, Gräfin. Die Buchillustration des XVIII. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz …, 1932-1934.

Zg18

A15

+932b

A2 - Anonymous works

Class here all anonymous works of the eighteenth century.
The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the eighteenth century.
The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler followed by a digit depending on the type of work. In general the author Cutter is a two digit number. If a Cutter needs to be expanded in order to fit into the sequence then use 6-9 to expand the Cutter number, and if 5 has to be used always use an additional digit.

Use the following table for works by or about an individual author. These categories are denoted by the ending digit of the second line of the call number following the cutter for the author.

Following digit	Type of material	Example (Schiller’s cutter is Sch33)
0	Collected works	Sch330
1	Individual works including translations by the author	Sch331
2	Translations by others of author’s works	Sch332
3	Supplementary material, such as correspondence or diaries	Sch333
4	Biography and criticism	Sch334

The third line of the call number is the last three digits of the publication date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title. Add letters b, c, d, etc. for later editions.
Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).
Examples:

Schiller, Friedrich, 1759-1805. Dom Karlos, 1787.

Zg18

Sch331

787d

Exceptions.

Books from an author’s library.

Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
The third line is a cutter for the author. Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Zg19 - Nineteenth century authors and literature

Collections | History and criticism | Anonymous works | Individual authors | Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

Class here collections and selections of multiple nineteenth century authors.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Example:

Hesperus : ein jahrbuch, 1909.

Zg19

A13

909h

A15 - History and criticism

Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of nineteenth century literature and multiple authors. Criticism or biography of an individual author class with that author.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Example:

Rümann, Arthur, 1888-1963. Die illustrierten deutschen Bücher des 19. Jahrhunderts, 1926.

Zg19

A15

926h

A2 - Anonymous works

Class here all anonymous works of the nineteenth century.
The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the nineteenth century.
The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler followed by a digit depending on the type of work. In general the author Cutter is a two digit number. If a Cutter needs to be expanded in order to fit into the sequence then use 6-9 to expand the Cutter number, and if 5 has to be used always use an additional digit.

Use the following table for works by or about an individual author. These categories are denoted by the ending digit of the second line of the call number following the cutter for the author.

Following digit

Type of material

Example (Karl Gutzkow’s cutter is is G97)

Collected works

G970

Individual works including translations by the author

G971

Translations by others of author’s works

G972

Supplementary material, such as correspondence or diaries

G973

Works about the author such as biography or criticism

G974

The third line of the call number is the last three digits of the publication date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title. Add letters b, c, d, etc. for later editions.
Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).
Examples:

Gutzkow, Karl, 1811-1878. König Saul, 1839.

Zg19

G971

839k

Exceptions.

Heinrich Heine Collection

When the Kohut-Rutra Heine collection was transferred from Sterling to Beinecke, the Sterling “Hkl” call numbers were retained, with the added first line Zg19. Heine texts that were already in Beinecke and any subsequent acquisitions are classed in Zg19.H370-H374.

Books from an author’s library.

Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
The third line is a cutter for the author. Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Zg20 - Twentieth century authors and literature

Collections | History and criticism | Anonymous works | Individual authors | Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

Class here collections and selections of twentieth century authors.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letters of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Example:

Dimensions : A. Leslie Willson & Contemporary German Arts and Letters, 1993.

Zg20

A13

993d

A15 - History and criticism

Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of twentieth century literature and multiple authors. Criticism or biography of an individual author class with that author.
The third line consists of the last three digits of date followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Beginning in 2000, for books first published after 1999, use all four digits of the date for the third line, followed by the first letter of the main entry.
Example:

Expressionism : a German intuition 1905-1920, c1980.

Zg20

A15

980e

A2 - Anonymous works

Class here all anonymous works of the twentieth century.
The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the twentieth century.
The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler followed by a digit depending on the type of work. In general the author Cutter is a two digit number. If a Cutter needs to be expanded in order to fit into the sequence then use 6-9 to expand the Cutter number, and if 5 has to be used always use an additional digit.

Use the following table for works by or about an individual author. These categories are denoted by the ending digit of the second line of the call number following the cutter for the author.

Following digit

Type of material

Example (Gottfried Benn’s cutter is is B46)

Collected works

B460

Individual works including translations by the author

B461

Translations by others of author’s works

B462

Supplementary material, such as correspondence or diaries

B463

Works about the author such as biography or criticism

B464

The third line of the call number is the last three digits of the publication date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title. Add letters b, c, d, etc. for later editions.
Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).
Examples:

Benn, Gottfried, 1886-1956. Morgue und andere Gedichte, 1912.

Zg20

B461

912m

Exceptions

Books from an author’s library.

Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
The third line is a cutter for the author. Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author. Example: the library of Hermann Broch.

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Zg21 - Twenty-first century authors and literature

Collections | History and criticism | Anonymous works | Individual authors | Exceptions

A13 - Collections and selections

Class here collections and selections of twenty-first century authors.
The third line consists of the four digits of the date, followed by the first two letters of the main entry.

A15 - History and criticism

Class here works that are histories and literary criticism of twenty-first century literature and multiple authors. Criticism or biography of an individual author class with that author.
The third line consists of the four digits of the date, followed by the first letter of the main entry.

A2 - Anonymous works

Class here all anonymous works of the twenty-first century.
The third line is a Cutter number for the first word of the main entry.
If there are conflicts, expand the cutter maintain proper alphabetical order.

Aa-Z -Individual authors

Class here all works by individuals who wrote primarily during the twenty-first century.
The second line is a Cutter number for the author, translator, or compiler followed by a digit depending on the type of work. In general the author Cutter is a two digit number. If a Cutter needs to be expanded in order to fit into the sequence then use 6-9 to expand the Cutter number, and if 5 has to be used always use an additional digit.

Use the following table for works by or about an individual author. These categories are denoted by the ending digit of the second line of the call number following the cutter for the author.

Following digit

Type of material

Example (Karl Gutzkow’s cutter is is G97)

Collected works

G970

Individual works including translations by the author

G971

Translations by others of author’s works

G972

Supplementary material, such as correspondence or diaries

G973

Works about the author such as biography or criticism

G974

The third line of the call number consists of the date of the first edition followed by the first letter of the title. Add letters b, c, d, etc. for later editions.
Translation letters precede the date (see the translation table for translation letters).

Exceptions

Books from an author’s library.

Add an “x” to the end of the cutter on line 2 which should be for works about the author such as biography and criticism.
The third line is a cutter for the author. Add a sequential cardinal number if there is more then one work by an author.

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Translation tables

New cataloging to use the post 1953 translation table. The original table is included for elucidating old classification numbers.

Yale Language Table (as modified in March 1953)

Polyglot

Latin

English

French, Provencal

Italian

Spanish, Catalan

Portuguese

Romansch, Rumanian

German

Dutch, Flemish

Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic

Greek

Celtic

Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, modern Bulgarian, Czech, Ural Altaic, Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish

Armenian, Albanian

Indo-Iranian, Sanskrit, Persian, Semitic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, etc.

Yale Language Table (used prior to March 1953)

English (g has also been used in several places)

Polyglot

Celtic

Chinese, Japanese

Danish

Dutch, Flemish, Friesian

Armenian

Finnish

French

German, German dialects (including Yiddish)

Greek

Hungarian

Icelandic

Indo-Iranian, Semitic, Persian, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Albanian, Turkish

Italian

Latin

Lithuanian, Lettish

Norwegian

Polish

Portuguese

Rumanian

Russian, Ukranian, Bohemian, Czech, Bulgarian, Croatian

Spanish, Catalan

Swedish

Esperanto